Interesting and Unusual Presentation(s) of Leprosy Resulting in Delayed diagnosis

In the post elimination phase of leprosy programme, it continues to be an important health problem in India. Further various atypical forms are seen resulting in delayed diagnosis. A retrospective analysis of 2 years (January 2016 to December 2017) records of all in and out patients of leprosy cases who were treated at a service hospital in northern India was done. At this hospital a total of 97 leprosy cases were seen during the study period out of which 18 (18.5%) cases where the diagnosis was missed due to various reasons resulting in delay in initiation of MDT were included. These cases were examined to describe the clinical presentation, delay in diagnosis and its significant outcome. 61% (11/18) were males while 39% (7/18) females. 22.2% (4/97) had Histoid Hansen's disease; 22.2% (4/18) had chronic symmetrical polyarthritis, there was no hypoaesthetic or anesthetic patches or enlarged nerves in these patients and these were initially diagnosed and managed as Rheumatoid arthritis. 16.6% (3/18) had spontaneous ulceration of extremities and had no skin infiltration or thickened nerve on examination. Interestingly two of these three patients had associated hypoaethesia of extremities which was not taken into consideration for making diagnosis as no suspicion of leprosy was made, one patient in this group had developed foot drop (L) and Right ulnar claw. 16.6% (3/18) had pure neuritic leprosy while greater auricular nerve thickening was seen in 11.1% (2/18) atypical cases. 5.5% (1/18) patient had swelling of upper lip but there no lesion on face or nerve and was managed by a Dentist. Lichenoid lesions were seen in 5.5% (1/18) cases. Out of 18 atypical cases 83.3% (15/18) were in multibacillary pole while 16.6% (3/18) were in paucibacillary pole. 27.7% (5/18) each were BL and LL while 22.2% (4/18) each were Pure neuritic and Histoid Hansen's. 83.3% (15/18) patients were Bacillary positive. Grade 2 deformity developed in 22.2% (4/18) of these cases. The total duration elapsed between presenting to the primary care giver and the dermatology center where the final diagnosis was made ranged from 2 weeks to 3 years. Increase in awareness about various presentations of leprosy in post-elimination era should be emphasized to the health care physicians as well as other workers involved in detection/diagnosis of leprosy

A review of selected nutrition & health surveys in India

Assessment of the status of health and nutrition of a population is imperative to design and implement sound public health policies and programmes. The various extensive national health and nutrition surveys provide national-level information on different domains of health. These provide vital information and statistics for the country, and the data generated are used to identify the prevalence and risk factors for the diseases and health challenges faced by a country. This review describes the various national health and nutrition surveys conducted in India and also compares the information generated by each of these surveys. These include the National Family Health Survey, District Level Household Survey, Annual Health Survey, National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau Survey, Rapid Survey on Children and Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey.

Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in India & way forward

Deficiency of vitamin D or hypovitaminosis D is widespread irrespective of age, gender, race and geography and has emerged as an important area of research. Vitamin D deficiency may lead to osteoporosis (osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children) along with calcium deficiency. Its deficiency is linked with low bone mass, weakness of muscles and increased risk of fracture. However, further research is needed to link deficiency of vitamin D with extra-skeletal consequences such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, infections and autoimmune disorders. The causes of vitamin D deficiency include length and timing of sun exposure, amount of skin exposed, latitude, season, level of pollution in atmosphere, clothing, skin pigmentation, application of sunscreen, dietary factors and genetic factors. The primary source is sunlight, and the dietary sources include animal products such as fatty fish, food items fortified with vitamin D and supplements. Different cut-offs have been used to define hypovitaminosis D and its severity in different studies. Based on the findings from some Indian studies, a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was observed among different age groups. Hypovitaminosis D ranged from 84.9 to 100 per cent among school-going children, 42 to 74 per cent among pregnant women, 44.3 to 66.7 per cent among infants, 70 to 81.1 per cent among lactating mothers and 30 to 91.2 per cent among adults. To tackle the problem of hypovitaminosis D in India, vitamin D fortification in staple foods, supplementation of vitamin D along with calcium, inclusion of local fortified food items in supplementary nutrition programmes launched by the government, cooperation from stakeholders from food industry and creating awareness among physicians and the general population may help in combating the problem to some extent.